What metal is best for chimney cap construction?

Main Factors:
It is hard to find the best balance between style, longevity, strength, and cost. These factors do not just naturally blend together. We feel we have done well to reach the best balance possible.

(a) Chimney caps need to handle a great deal of heat (unless the exhaust is just from a natural gas heater). I have personally stoked up a wood stove so hot the steel pipe was glowing orange and lit up the living room. It was about 15 years ago and I was not trying to test this theory. I was just burning some paper garbage.  You can see these statistics at a web site called Online Metals.

Most metals handle high heat well, but if it has a zinc coating for rust protection, or was soldered together, those metal coatings melt at a very low temperature and will result in a serious failure before long and cause rust stains.

(b) Thicker and heavier sheet metal is most always best, so that it is strong and less prone to wind damage. But that of coarse greatly increases the cost of the metal used and the shipping charges. It also makes it harder to cut, drill, and bend, so finding the best balance is important. That is why I use more internal bracing, in stead of just thicker copper sheet metal than I already use.

(c) The cost of the metal type is a small consideration on your end for any custom work like this. Most of the cost by far is the design and custom fabrication process with shipping. A 500% increase in the metal cost would only have about 25% increase in the total cost, so a better metal is by far your best value any way you slice it. Anything less is a waste of money. These copper chimney caps will normally increase the resale value of the house more than the cost difference, so you can make a profit from using better materials that will last.

(d) A long life metal that will stay looking good decades later and need little to no maintenance is a much better value, but even more so in just the extra cost of the labor to replace cheaper units more often. Rust stains from common steel units can be very unpleasant if the unit is not changed every 10 to 15 years. A well made copper unit should last well over a century. That saves you 7 or more replacement and installation cost alone.

Steel (very poor choice, yet most common):
Galvanized or high temperature painted steel is the most common metal you will see. Mainly because it is so cheap, quick to spot weld together, strong, and handles high temperatures well. Few homeowners take the trouble to look into these details, so contractors will use the cheapest materials they can get away with. In most States the contractor is only required to provide a 1 year warranty. Steel cost less than 1/6th the cost of copper, but in the long run it actually costs far more to the homeowner with the cost of fabrication and repeated installation each decade or so. Then there is the cost of rust stain removal and or repainting.

The galvanized steel cap shown here was less than 15 years old.  It was so rusty, pitted, and worn thin that we could crush it with our bare hands like an aluminum pop can. You can see here dozens of daylight pin-holes through the metal (we did not doctor that photo).  Two of the three bracing that held this hood up had disintegrated.  The strap clamp had disintegrated so badly that we were able to lift it off the stainless steel chimney pipe it was attached to without loosening the clamp.  The worst part was how it left terrible rust streaks down the sides of the stainless steel chimney pipe and on the roofing that are now pretty well permanent (as seen here). I tried to use a wire brush in it, but it did not seem to help.

The simple flat roof chimney cap most commonly seen is not the type of chimney caps we make.  Those are small generic size caps that are mass-produced and sold in many hardware stores.  It is normally designed to bolt onto a flue liner, but most of the chimneys we have seen do not have a flue liner tile protruding up over the bricks to attach that specific type of cap to.

That type of cap may work on your chimney, but it's not very decorative. It is fine for an inexpensive temporary solution. Steel can handle a good deal of heat, with a melting temperature of 2,500 degrees F. Heat and rain will dissolve the zinc galvanizing away. The zinc melts off at only 787 degrees.  Even though the high temperature paints can handle more heat than a zinc coating, it is not much better, since it is prone to suffer UV damage from the sun and oxidization.  You can see these statistics at a web site called Online Metals.

If you let it go too long steel chimney caps will rust and make unsightly permanent rust stains down the side of the chimney and on the roofing shingles around it, that are near impossible to remove. Eventually it will deteriorate so badly that it will literally fall apart. If you factor in the labor cost of replacement each 10 to 15 years, spending $3,000 on a copper chimney cap is cheaper than getting a small inexpensive $100 steel cap.  Steel chimney caps are not a good value for your dollar.  Not when a copper chimney cap should last well over 100 years, if built well. 

Steel is good for repeat sales; due to it's planned obsolescence.  These are also the main reasons why we do not see more car bodies made out of aluminum sheet metal, like with the Acura NSX sports car pictured below.

Aluminum (good for low temp natural gas exhaust only):

Aluminum would also need to be very well built and attached, since it is a lot softer metal and a lot lighter, and therefore is more prone to wind damage. Aluminum is great for aircraft construction where weight is very important, but it is not an asset for a chimney cap.

Stainless Steel (better):
This is a good strong high temperature metal, but it is just as expensive as copper; costing 6 to 10 times more than just galvanized steel.  It may look good on a diner car, but one of the biggest drawbacks to stainless steel is how it will stay bright and shinny, will get dirty, and mildew on the North side (just like in this photo taken on the Pacific Coast, over a church near Cannon Beach, Oregon). It is easy enough to clean once you are able to safely access it, but that can be enough of a hassle that just doesn't happen.

It is quick and easy to just spot-weld together, so most shops will opt for stainless steel when forced to work with a rust free metal. Like with copper, other shops will usually get very thin sheets of stainless steel to to work with in order to help reduce the cost and make it a lot easier to cut, bend, and drill. The thinness of the metal will tend to show a lot of irregularities and buckles on a flat surface. Hence the big  'X' bend you will commonly see in these flat panels. Most people think it is a design feature, but that actually has nothing to do with why they bend that 'X' through the metal panel.

Copper (best):
Other than cost and tricky handling, there is little to no downside to copper. Copper is the best value for the money, since copper is one of the few metal meant to be seen in it's natural state or oxidization, and is about the same cost as stainless steel.  The fabrication may cost a little more, since it is not as easy to work with. Copper will tarnish to a nice satin brown within a few months of exposure to the elements. The striated chalky green patina actually takes several decades to form.

We only fabricate our custom copper work in 20oz copper sheets or thicker, which is 125% thicker copper than the standard 16oz copper normally used in the roofing industry.  Copper is a heavy and sturdy metal that handles around 2,000 degrees F. It needs no coatings over it for protection from the elements to burn off, bake off from the Sun, or wear off over time from wind and rain.  It has a melting point about 700 degrees higher than aluminum.

Unlike most other shops, we go to the trouble to rivet the overlapping seams together, since the melting point of the lead type solder is far less than even aluminum and less than the zinc coating on steel.  It would be terrible if the cap were to fall apart from the solder welds melting apart. We have seen plenty of evidence of this happening.  We have to design our chimney caps to be strong enough for high winds, and not to leak, without the use of solder or even caulk, and yet be easily removable for future cleaning and servicing.

Fabricators who are more about mass production do not like to work with copper, because it cannot just be quickly spot welded together like steel and stainless steel.  Handling is also tricky, since finger prints will cause the copper to tarnish sooner than the rest of the copper surface, making it spotty looking until it evens out.  So will wearing protective gloves while handling bare copper, but most of it will have a clear plastic film over the outside when you get it, that you simply peal off after installation.

New copper looks nice, but we have yet to find a good method to keep it from tarnishing.  Raw copper is actually more pink, but most people see it as an orange'ish color, since it has already has begun the tarnishing process by the time they see it just from the humidity in the air, beginning it's process to turn brown.  Any clear coat applied over the copper surface can be a problem, since it will not handle the heat well.  Even without the heat issue, the sun's UV rays and the elements will break the clear coat down before long, causing unsightly peeling and a spotty tarnishing where it has cracked and peeled off the copper surface.

Fortunately most people we have talked with seem to love the natural aged striated tarnish look that real copper gets, and some ask if we can pre-tarnish the copper here in our shop.  I explain how within a few months it will naturally tarnish, so it is not worth the added cost, but it can be done before shipping by applying an acid wash to pit the metal surface and cause this premature reaction. Not well advised if I may say.

Titanium (excellent, if you can afford it):
Other than the fact I have not seen this sheet metal available because of such small demand, it would be horribly expensive and very hard to work with. As an example: I jokingly say how I would be willing to pay more for a titanium extension ladder to have a stronger lighter ladder, but the $5k it would cost replacing it when it gets stolen would be a real drag! I do have a titanium hammer and cats-paw that were about 4 times the cost of a normal steel tool of it's kind. They are great tools and I feel well worth what I paid. Real Titanium is truly am amazing metal, but they would have to be mass produced to be any where near feasible. The head on the hammer is still nearly as smooth as when I first got it. I am eager to see more products and tools made from this metal, but not many contactors are willing to pay 3 to 4 times as much for a tool, so few manufacturers are willing to make and market them. You also will need to be careful not to get swindled with an inferior grade or a complete substitute. Think of how many products are advertised using the word platinum or turbo charged (LOL). Real platinum is more expensive than gold for goodness sake!